Economics, Research & Analysis
Learn Economics and Analysis
Written by J. Mance Gordon
Updated at March 23rd, 2023
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Overview: This material covers the primary topics covered within various Economics.
Economic Analysis & Monetary Policy
INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS
Application of Economics
- Social Economics
- Positive Economics
- Mathematical Economics
- Constitutional Economics
- Labor Economics
- Organizational Economics
- Development Economics
- Behavioral Economics
- Environmental Economics
- Evolutionary Economics
- True-Cost Economics
- Managerical Economics
- Experimental Economics
- Welfare Economics
Economics Organizations
DeleteUTILITY DECISION MAKING AND SCARCITY
Opportunity Cost- Self Interest
- Total Utility (Economics)
- Efficiency Principle
- Expected Utility
- Utilitarianism
- Indifference Curve
- Time Preference Theory of Interest
- Incentives
- Marginal Benefit
Production Possibilities Frontier
Criticisms of the Economic Approach
DeleteSUPPLY AND DEMAND
Normal Good and Inferior Goods
Supply Demand AnalysisPrice Control - Ceilings and Floors
DeleteELASTICITY
Elasticity of Demand Price Elasticity of Supply and Demand Cross Elasticity of DemandWhat is Elasticity and Tax Incidence?
DeleteUTILITY AND CONSUMPTION
Changes in Income Affect Consumer Choices
Changes in Price Affect Consumer Choices
Budget Constraints Create Demand Curves
- Lifecycle Model of Consumption
- Autonomous Consumption
- Permanent Income Hypothesis
- Lipstick Effect
- Engel's Law
- Consumerism
- Paradox of Thrift
- Ricardo Barro Effect
- Consumer Confidence Index
PRODUCTION
- Structure Conduct Performance Model
- Integration
- Conglomerates
- Cost vs Profit Center
- Accelerator Theory
What are Factors of Production?
Short-Run and Long-Run Production
Law of Marginal Diminishing Product
How the Production Function Estimates Inputs
Diminishing Marginal Productivity
Costs Relate to Diminishing Marginal Productivity
Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns
Average Profit or Profit Margin
Economies of ScaleShape of the Average Long-Run and Short-Run Cost Curves
Long-Run Average Cost Curve Affect Industry Competitors
Technology Shifts the Long-Run Average Cost Curve
DeleteCOMPETITION
Perfect Competition and Decision Making
Highest Profit Point in a Perfectly Competitive Market
Using Marginal Revenue and Marginal Costs to Maximize Profit
Profit Margin and Average Total Cost
Short-Run Decisions Based Upon Costs in a Perfectly Competitive Market
Marginal Costs and the Supply Curve for a Perfectively Competitive Firm
Decisions to Enter or Exit a Market in the Long Run
Long-Run Equilibrium in a Perfectly Competitive Market
Constant, Increasing, and Decreasing Cost Industries
Productive and Allocative Efficiency in Perfectly Competitive Markets
Promoting Innovation through Intellectual Property
How Monopolists Set Price with the Demand Curve
Total Cost and Total Revenue for a Monopolist
Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost for a Monopolist
Perceived Demand for a Monopolistic Competitor
Monopolistic Competitors Choose Price and Quantity
Monopolistic Competitors and Entry
Monopolistic Competition and Efficiency
- Traveler's Dilemma
- Prisoner's Dilemma
- Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
- Nash Equilibrium
- Diner's Dilemma
- Trembling Hand Perfect Equilibrium
- Gambler's Fallacy
- Arrows Impossibility Theorem
- Backward Induction
- Tournament Theory
Oligopoly and the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Forcing Cooperation in a Prisoner’s Dilemma
Cooperation and the Kinked Demand Curve
Corporate Merger or Acquisition
Other Approaches to Measuring Monopoly Power in an Industry
Restrictive Practices under Antitrust Law
DeleteRISK AND UNCERTAINTY
Imperfect Information - Equilibrium Price and Quantity
Is Consumer Behavior Rational in Economics?
Government and Social Insurance
Government Regulation of Insurance
DeleteLABOR AND WAGES
- Labor Economics
-
Labor Market Equilibrium
- Labor Market
- Labor Market Equilibrium
- Labor Market Efficiency
Price, Supply, and Demand in the Labor Market
Shifts in the Demand for Labor
What Causes Shifts in the Supply Labor?
How Technology affects Demand for Labor?
Minimum Wage as a Price Floor in the Labor Market
What is the First Rule of Labor Markets?
Labor Demand in Perfectly Competitive Markets
Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets
Labor Market Power of Employers
What is the marginal Cost of Labor?
Labor Market Power of Employees
What is a Bilateral Monopoly in a Labor Market?
Equilibrium in Supply and Demand in Labor Markets
Shifts in Supply and Demand in Labor Markets
DeleteFINANCIAL MARKETS
Supply and Demand in Financial Markets
Usury Laws as Price Ceilings in Financial Markets
DeleteECONOMICS AND PUBLIC GOODS
Market Competition and Innovation
New Technology and Positive Externalities
Education - Private and Social Rate of Return
Government Approaches to Encouraging Innovation
Public, Private, Club, Common Goods
Excludable and Rivalrous Goods
What is the Free Rider Problem for Public Goods?
Role of Government in Paying for Public Goods
What is the Tragedy of Commons for Common Resources?
Tradeoff between Incentives and Income Equality
DeleteMACROECONOMICS
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS
Converting Nominal to Real GDP
Net National ProductThe Problem of Double Counting GDP
Why is Tracking Real GDP Important?
Convert Currencies with Exchange Rates
Convert GDP to a Common Currency
GDP as a Measure of Society Well-Being
Limitations of GDP as a Measure of the Standard of Living
DeleteMACROECONOMIC GROWTH
Rule of Law relate to Economic Growth
What is the Effect of Sustained Economic Growth?
How are compound growth rates and compound interest rates related?
What are the Components of Economic Growth?
What are Growth Accounting Studies?
What is a Healthy Climate for Economic Growth?
Economic Conditions- Leading Economic Indicators
- KOF Economic Barometer
- CEO Confidence Survey
- NAB Business Confidence Index
AGGREGATE DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Keynesian Economics Aggregate demandAggregate Demand Curve (and shifts)
Aggregate supply
Aggregate Supply Curve (and Shifts)
Aggregate Demand / Aggregate Supply Models
Aggregate Supply and Demand Equilibrium
Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand in Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
Growth and Recessions in the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply Model
Unemployment in the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply Model
Inflation in the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply Model
Keynesian, Intermediate, and Neoclassical Zones
DeleteKEYNESIAN AND NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS
Keynesian Perspective of Aggregate Demand
Recessionary and Inflationary Gap
Government Spending in Aggregate Demand
Net Exports in Aggregate Demand
Coordination Argument of Wage Stickiness
Keynesian Assumptions in the Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model
Keynesian Approach to Unemployment and Inflation
Keynesian Perspective on Market Forces
Physical Capital Affects Productivity
Potential GDP in the Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply Model
Prices are Flexible in the Long Run
Keynesian and NeoClassical View of Long-Run Aggregate Supply and Demand
Speed of Macroeconomic Adjustment of Wages and Prices
What is the Adaptive Expectations Theory
Measure Inflation Expectations
Neoclassical Phillips Curve Tradeoff
Neoclassical View of Unemployment
Neoclassical View of Recessions
Keynesian vs Neoclassical Macroeconomic Policy Recommendations
DeleteGOVERNMENT AND FISCAL POLICY
What are Taxes?
Effects of Discretionary Policy (Interest Rates & Lags)Government Borrowing Balanced Budget - Deficit and Surplus
Fiscal Policy and the Aggregate Supply and Demand Curve
Stabilization PolicyStandardized Employment Budget
How Does Fiscal Policy Affect Interest Rates?
Temporary and Permanent Fiscal Policy
How Politics Affects Discretionary Fiscal Policy
National Savings and Investment Identity
Fiscal Policy Affects Trade Balances
Exchange Rates Affect Budget and Trade Deficits
What are the risks of chronic large deficits in the United States?
How Fiscal Policy Can Affect Trade Imbalances
Government Borrowing Affect Private Savings
Fiscal Policy Affects Investment and Economic Growth
Crowding Out of Physical Capital Investment?
How Does Government Borrowing Affect Interest Rates in Financial Markets?
Government Investment in Physical Capital
Public Investment in Human Capital
Fiscal Policy Can Affect Technology Development
Economic Cycles
- Economic Cycle or Business Cycle
- Boom and Bust Cycle
- Skyscrapper Effect (Economics)
- V-Shaped Recovery
- W-Shaped Recovery
- U-Shaped Recovery
- Kondratieff Wave Cycle
- Contagion
Government
- Feedback Rule Policy
- American Customer Satisfaction Index
- CNN Effect
- Bureau of Economic Analysis
- Business Starts Index
- American Recover and Reinvestment Act
- Abenomics
- Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
- Commodity Credit Corporation
- Humphrey Hawkins Act
Growth
- Real Economic Growth Rate
- Stagnation
- Neoclassical Growth Theory
- Exogenous Growth Theory
- Endogenous Growth Theory
- New Growth Theory - Explained
- Classical Growth Theory - Explained
- Real Economic Growth Rate - Explained
- Plutonomy
UNEMPLOYMENT
Labor Force Participation Rate
Issues with Measuring Unemployment
Sticky Wage Theory (Economics)
Implicit Contract Theory of Wages
Adverse Selection of Wage Cuts Argument
Relative Wage Coordination Argument
Labor Productivity - Explained
How does U.S. unemployment insurance work?
Measuring Unemployment
- Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
- Labor Surplus Area - Explained
- Lump of Labor Fallacy - Explained
- Bureau of Labor Statistics
- ADP National Employment Survey
- Labor Theory of Value - Explained
- Wage Elasticity of Labor Supply
INFLATION
- Core Inflation
- Cost Push Inflation
- Demand Pull Inflation
- Wage Push Inflation
- Inflation Spiral (Wage-Price Spiral)
- Agflation
- Buying Power Index
- Breakfast Index
- Employment Cost Index
- Producer Price Index
- Capital Goods Price Index
- Farm (Agricultural) Price Index
- Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices
- Repeated Sales Method (Real Estate)
Inflation and Redistribution of Purchasing Power
Inflation Affects Long-Term Planning
What are the Benefits of Inflation?
DeleteINTERNATIONAL TRADE
Trade Balance: Surplus and Deficit
Is it better to have a trade surplus or a trade deficit?
Export of Goods and Services and Percentage of GDP
The Balance of Trade as a Balance of Payments
National Savings and Investment IdentitySupply and Demand Sides for Financial Capital?
Domestic Saving and Investment Determine the Trade Balance
National Savings Identity and Trade Deficits
How the Business Cycle Affects Trade Balances
Trade Balance or Trade Surplus
Specialization and Gain from Trade
Absolute Advantage in All Goods
Production Possibilities Frontier and Comparative Advantage
Comparative Advantage and Mutually Beneficial Trade
Opportunity Costs and International Trade
How Economies of Scale Lead to Trading Advantages
Anti-Dumping LawsWho Is Benefited and Who is Harmed by Protectionism?
Infant Industry Theory for Restricting Imports
What is the Anti-Dumping Argument for Restricting Imports?
What is the Environmental Protection Argument for Restricting Imports?
Unsafe Consumer Products Argument for Restricting Imports?
National Interest Argument for Restricting Imports
What are Free Trade Agreements?
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Central European Free Trade Agreement
- General Agreement on Free Tariff and Trade (GATT)
- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
- Central American Common Market
- Caribbean Community and Common Market
International Organizations
- WTO
- International Monetary Fund
- World Economic Forum
- Inter-American Development Bank
- Davos World Economic Forum
- Chamber of Commerce
- Jackson Hole Economic Symposium
EXCHANGE RATES
What Does it Mean to Dollarize
Who Demands and Supplies Currency in a Foreign Exchange Market?
Dealers in the Interbank Market
Weak and Strong CurrencyExpectations about Future Exchange Rates Shift Demand
Expected rate of return shift demand and supply for a currency
Relative Inflation Shifts Demand and Supply for a Currency
Why Central Banks Care About Exchange Rates
How Do Exchange Rates Affect Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply?
What Causes Exchange Rate Fluctuations?
Regulation
DeleteBANKING SYSTEM & MONETARY POLICY
- Medium of Exchange
- Unit of Account
- Store of Value
- Standard of Deferred Payment
- Liquidity Preference Theory
- National Savings and Investment Identity
How is the Federal Reserve Bank Organized?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Central Banks Carry Out Monetary Policy
Contractionary and Expansionary Monetary Policy
- Loose vs Tight Monetary Policy
- Easy Monetary Policy
- Accommodative Monetary Policy
- Dove & Hawk (Monetary Policy) - Explained
- Tight Monetary Policy - Explained
- Stabilization Policy
- Pushing on a String
The Effect of Monetary Policy on Interest Rates
The Effect of Monetary Policy on Aggregate Demand
Unpredictable Movements of Velocity
Central Banks - Unemployment and Inflation
Asset Bubbles and Leverage Cycles
Money Capital Market DeleteGOVERNMENT POLICY
Economic Well Being - Standard of Living
High, Low, and Middle-Income Countries
DeleteResearch and Analysis (Under Development)
Introduction
- Empirical Testing
- Econometrics
- Inflection Point - Explained
- A Fortiori Analysis Definition
- A Posteriori Definition
- A Priori Probability Definition
- Absolute Frequency Definition
- Alpha Risk Definition
- Altman Z-Score Definition
- Analysis of Means Definition
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Definition
- Autoregression Definition
- Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) Definition
- Back of the Envelope Calculation Definition
- Bartletts Test (Statistics) Definition
- Bell Curve Definition
- Big Data Definition
- Bonferroni Test Definition
- Boolean Logic Definition
- Bounded Rationality Definition
- Box Cox Transformation Definition
- Box Jenkins Model Definition
- Central Limit Theorem Definition
- Chi Square Distribution Definition
- Clinical Trial Definition
- Cluster Analysis Definition
- Coefficient of Determination Definition
- Coefficient of Variation Definition
- Confidence Interval Definition
- Correlation Definition
- Cost Benefit Analysis Definition
- Cost-Benefit Analysis Definition
- Covariance Definition
- Data Analytics Definition
- Data Mining Definition
- Data Science Definition
- Decision Analysis Definition
- Decision Theory Definition
- Decision Tree Definition
- Degrees of Freedom Definition
- Discrete Distribution Definition
- Elasticity Coefficient Definition
- Empirical Probability Definition
- Empirical Rule Definition
- Frequency Distribution Definition
- Hedonic Regression Definition
- Histogram Definition
- Hypothesis Testing Definition
- Incremental Analysis Definition
- Kruskal Wallis Test Definition
- Kurtosis Definition
- Law of Large Numbers Definition
- Least Squares Method Definition
- Likert Scale Definition
- Linear Regression Definition
- Mean-Variance Analysis Definition
- Multiple Linear Regression Definition
- Multivariate Model Definition
- Nonlinear Regression Definition
- Normal Distribution Definition
- Null Hypothesis Definition
- One-Tailed Test Definition
- OODA Loop Definition
- P Value Definition
- Pareto Rule (80/20 Rule)
- Poisson Distribution Definition
- Positive Correlation Definition
- Predictive Analytics Definition
- Predictive Modeling Definition
- Prescriptive Analytics
- Probability Distribution Definition
- Programmed and Unprogrammed Decisions
- Qualitative Analysis Definition
- Quantitative Analysis Definition
- R-Squared Definition
- Random Factor Analysis Definition
- Regression Analysis Definition
- Residual Sum of Squares Definition
- Sampling Distribution Definition
- Sampling Error Definition
- Scheffe's Test Definition
- Sensitivity Analysis Definition
- Standard Error Definition
- Statistically Significant Definition
- Stepwise Regression Definition
- Stochastic Modeling Definition
- Structured Problem vs Unstructured Problem
- Subjective Probability Definition
- Sum of Squares Definition
- T Distribution Definition
- Three Way Anova Definition
- Tree Diagram Definition
- Trend Analysis Definition
- Trimmed Mean Definition
- Two-Way ANOVA Definition
- Type I Error Definition
- Type II Error Definition
- Uniform Distribution Definition
- Variance Analysis Definition
- Venn Diagram Definition
- Weighted Average Definition
- What-If Calculation
- What is Environmental Scanning?
- Wilcoxon Test Definition
Decision Making
Introduction
- Management and Decision Making
- Approaches to Management Decision Making
- What is Design Thinking?
- Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making
- Structured Problem vs Unstructured Problem
- Programmed Decision and Unprogrammed Decisions
- Conditions for Management Decision Making
- Methods of Decision Making
Queuing Theory
Economics and Finance Category
Other Topics