Academic Research for Legal Tender

• The Legal Tender Cases, Dam, K. W. (1981). The Legal Tender Cases. The Supreme Court Review, 1981, 367-412. The author in this article is concerned with the various cases of Supreme Courts in the United States. These cases affirmed and validated the legal nature and constitutionality of paper money by recognizing them as legal tenders.
• Legal Tender, Thayer, J. B. (1887). Legal Tender. Harvard Law Review, 73-97. This section is concerned with the description currencies that constitute the legal tender. The author proceeds by shedding light on some of those currencies which may be in the form of either coins or paper currencies.
• Coins, notes, and bits: The case for legal tender on the Internet, Konvisser, J. B. (1996). Harv. JL & Tech., 10, 321. This paper dwells into how people using the internet have embraced currencies in the form of notes coins and bits. The author investigates how people have managed to do business online and how they have been able to recognize those denominations as legal tenders.
• Legal tender notes in California, Moses, B. (1892). The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 7(1), 1-25. The author in this article is concerned with highlighting to us on how there was no circulation of paper currencies in California. The paper proceeds by informing us how money circulated in California in the form of gold and silver. The paper currencies were introduced much later which served as the legal tender.
• The banking institutions, bullion reserves, and non-legal-tender note circulation of the United Kingdom statistically investigated, Dun, J. (1876). Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 39(1), 1-197. This paper tries to analyze the circulation of non-legal-tender notes in the United Kingdom. In addition to this, the author looks into the banking reserves and how they influenced the banking institutions within the United Kingdom.
• Legal Tender Laws and Fractional-Reserve Banking, Hlsmann, J. G. (2004). Journal of Libertarian Studies, 18(3), 3355. The article talks about how fractional-reserve has become common and universal conduct by commercial banks as the best ways of accepting deposits. The author goes ahead to inform us of how these reserves can be held by the bank and issue them as loans. These loans can be used as investments.
• Legal Tender during the English and Irish Bank Restrictions, Fetter, F. W. (1950). Journal of Political Economy, 58(3), 241-253. This article highlights to us the restrictions that existed in both England and Ireland. The author proceeds by informing us about how Irish currencies were not recognized in Ireland. It also informs us of how Irish currencies were not recognized in England.
• Nonlegaltender paper money: the structure and performance of M aryland's bills of credit, 176775, Celia, J., & Grubb, F. (2016). The Economic History Review, 69(4), 1132-1156. The author in this paper talks about the contribution of Maryland's tender in the period of 1765 and 1775 to find out the outstanding amounts and dates of redemption. Majority of the present value of the paper currency was a real asset while liquidity premium composed of the 20 percent. The article reveals that there is a correlation between the paper currency in circulation and the liquidity premium.
• The Legal Tender Cases. A Drama of American Legal and Financial History, Cormack, J. M. (1929). Virginia Law Review, 132-148. The author here highlights to us how the legal tender cases in American Supreme courts and how they have influenced the American Financial and Legal History. The article highlights to us how the cases insisted on the legal and constitutional nature of the American currencies.
• Payments and the concept of legal tender, McBride, N. (2015). The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin, 78(6), 3. This article is concerned with the public concerns that regard regulations of the legal tender. There have been disputes in methods of payment where some are attributed to the various types of currencies in circulation. During the period of 2007, there were some public concerns because sellers refused to accept payments when old coins were used. Later on, during the year 2015, some new notes started circulating and at some point, the old ones remained to be legal tenders which were used to make payments.
• Some Considerations on the Legal-Tender Decisions, James, E. J. (1888). Publications of the American Economic Association, 3(1), 49-80.This article highlights to us some factors that should be considered when recognizing the legality of paper money as legal tenders. The author tells us about some critical decisions that relate to the legal tenders.
• The Monetary and Legal Tender Acts of 1933-34 and the Law, Hannigan, J. E. (1934). BUL Rev., 14, 485. The author investigates the laws that were passed in the United States regarding the usefulness of legal tenders. The article describes to us the coins and notes that have been embraced as legal tenders which are utilized to settle government bills.
• Substitutes for Legal Tender: Lessons from History for the Regulation of Virtual Currencies, Middlebrook, S. T., & Hughes, S. J. (2015). The author in this article brings out the alternative currencies that have been used in the United States of America to substitute legal tenders and the influence they have had in the present currencies. The author informs that despite the emergence of these alternative currencies, the government exercised caution when dealing with them. At some point, these governments tried to discourage the emergence and use of these alternative currencies by introducing criminal prosecutions to the parties involved. Despite these, it is important to note that some of those alternatives became to be recognized by some authorities and have been used as legal tenders to settle payments. The author concludes by looking into the currency rules in the United States by paying attention to previous digital currencies, bitcoin, and e-gold.