Academic Research on Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF)

• From theexchange stabilization fundto the international monetaryfund, Bordo, M., & Schwartz, A. J. (2001).(No. w8100). National Bureau of Economic Research. 
• Theexchange stabilization fund: how it works, Osterberg, W. P., & Thomson, J. B. (1999). Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Economic Commentary. This paper aims to facilitate accurate assessments of the number of resources available to the Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF). 
• Exchange Stabilization FundLoans to Sovereign Borrowers: 19822010, Munk, R. (2010)..Law and Contemporary Problems,73(4), 215-240. This article describes and analyses the role of U.S Treasury Department financing provided to sovereign countries from the Mexican Debt Crisis in August 1982 to 2010. 
• US foreignexchangemarket intervention since 1962, Schwartz, A. J. (1996). Scottish Journal of Political Economy,43(4), 379-397. This paper explores the Federal Reserve intervention in foreign exchange markets since 1962 as a partner of the Treasury's Exchange Stabilization Fund. 
• Reinterpreting Bretton Woods: International development and the neglected origins of embedded liberalism, Helleiner, E. (2006). Development and Change,37(5), 943-967. This article offers a reinterpretation of the origins of the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreements, one that is of particular significance to scholars of international development. This article demonstrates that the innovative embedded liberal vision of Bretton Woods was in fact first put forward in the context of USLatin American financial relations in the 193842 period, and that this experience influenced the subsequent Bretton Woods negotiations. 
• The SDR as an international reserve asset: what future?, Obstfeld, M. (2011). Manuscript, University of California, Berkeley,27. This paper reviews the history and performance of the Special Drawing Right (SDR) and examines the prospects for expanding its role in the international monetary system. 
• Treasury and Federal Reserve foreignexchangeoperations, TRENDS, E. G. (2001). Federal Reserve Bulletin. This report, presented by Peter R. Fisher, Executive Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Manager, System Open Market Account, describes the foreign exchange operations of the U.S. 
• The effectiveness of foreign-exchangeintervention: Recent experience, 1985-1988, Obstfeld, M. (1990). InInternational policy coordination and exchange rate fluctuations(pp. 197-246). University of Chicago Press. This paper focuses on the practice and effects of foreign-exchange intervention during the years 1985-88 by the three largest industrial economies, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. 
• Bretton Woods and the US decision to intervene in the foreign-exchangemarket, 1957-1962, Bordo, M. D., Humpage, O., & Schwartz, A. J. (2006). The deterioration in the U.S. balance of payments after 1957 and an accelerating loss of gold reserves prompted U.S. monetary authorities to undertake foreign-exchange-market interventions beginning in 1961. In this paper the authors discuss the events leading up to these interventions, the institutional arrangements developed for that purpose, and the controversies that ensued. They also discuss the impacts of these interventions. 
• US monetary policy in an integrating world: 1960 to 2000, Cooper, R. N., & Little, J. S. (2001). New England Economic Review, 33-57. This article is part of a paper presented at the forty-fifth economic conference of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, "The Evolution of Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve System Over the Past Thirty Years: A Conference in Honor of Frank E. Morris," held October 11, 2000. This article examines the impact of global developments on the practice of U.S. monetary policy, broadly defined to include regulatory and lender-of-last-resort functions as well as open market, discount, and intervention activity, over the past forty years. 
• The problems posed by negative pledge covenants in international loan agreements, Bradfield, M., & Jacklin, N. R. (1984). Colum. J. Transnat'l L.,23, 131. 
• A new role for theExchange Stabilization Fund, Humpage, O. F. (2008). Economic Commentary. This paper focuses on the origin and history of the Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF) and the new role assigned to it.