What are Blue Sky Laws?

Blue-sky laws are state laws regulating the sale of securities within that state. These laws are so named from early laws passed in Kansas and in the Midwest to protect investors from undertaking investments that had no more substance than the blue sky. Issuers of securities must comply with these state laws as well as the previously discussed federal regulations. Blue-sky laws may allow for both civil and criminal penalties against violators. The requirements of state blue-sky laws will differ among the states, but they are all based closely on the Uniform Securities Act, promulgated in 1956.

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Are all issuers of securities required to comply with state blue sky laws?

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Generally, no. In 1996, Congress passed the National Securities Markets Improvement Act (NSMIA) with the purpose of simplifying the registration process for issuers of securities. The NSMIA preempted any state regulation of certain covered securities. Covered securities include:

those traded on a national exchange (such as the NYSE or CME); securities of registered investment companies, and offers of securities exempt from Federal registration under Regulation D, Rule 506.

NSMIA effectively limited the ability of states to regulate many security offerings. In addition to these preempted offerings, states also recognize any number of exemptions for certain issuances of securities:

isolated transactions involving the issuance of securities; offers or sales to a limited number of offerees or purchasers within a stated time period; issuances qualifying as private offerings under Rule 504; and issuances to a predefined, but limited, number of purchasers.

Another optional model law is known as the Uniform Limited Offering Exemption. This provision excuses certain securities offerings, such as offerings issued pursuant to Regulation D, Rule 505.

What are the registration requirements under state law?

Registration pursuant to federal law focuses on disclosure of information to offerees and purchasers. States adopt this approach, but also may impose a test to make certain the security being issued meets certain quality standards. This is known as a merit review. The merit review examines certain qualities, such as the financial stability of the company making the issuance. Other examinations may focus on the terms or rights associated with the issued security. With this in mind, states generally employ one of three registration methods for issuers of securities:

Registration by Qualification - Some states require issuers to undergo a full-blown registration, complete with a merit review. Issuers registering with the SEC must file duplicate documents with the states administrative agency regulating securities. Unless a state official objects, the state registration becomes effective automatically when the federal registration statement is deemed effective.

Registration by Notification - Some states permit issuers with an established track record to simply file a notice before offering their securities. This allows issuers to offer securities for sale automatically after a stated time period expires unless the state administrative agency takes action to prevent the offering.

Registration by Coordination - Some states permit issuers that have registered with the SEC to file copies of the federal registration statement (and perhaps some additional documents) with the state. This process requires a more detailed disclosure by the issuer. A security cannot be offered for sale until the administrative agency grants the issuer a license or certificate to sell securities.

Note: Alternatives forms of coordinated registration exist and are discussed below.

What types of coordinated registration are available under state laws?

There are two primary options for registration by coordination that ease the process of complying with state securities requirements.

Coordinated Review-Equity - This type of review is designed for use during an IPO that is seeking registration (not seeking a statutory or rule-based exemption from registration). It is generally not allowed for limited registrations under Regulation A. Under this program, the issuer files to register its securities in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Securities Commission (PSC) acts as an administrator and collects the required disclosure documents. The PSC will also choose another state that requires a merits review and solicit this state to review the offering. The issuer may then register this disclosure and merit review in any other state in which it seeks to sell securities. One state takes the lead on all disclosure concerns, while another assumes responsibility for any merit issues.

Note: This process is advantageous, as it allows the issuer to only deal with two states in the disclosure and review process. The alternative is to undergo disclosure and review requirements in every state of issuance.

Example: ABC Corp is undertaking an IPO. As part of the IPO process, ABC will be forced to register its securities in each state in which it is directly offering securities for sale. ABC seeks to undertake the coordinated review-equity process to circumvent the need to comply with the disclosure and review requirements of every state.

Coordinated Review-Small Company Offering Registration - Most states permit the use of CR-SCOR for offerings under Rule 504 or Reg A, Tier 1. Under this program, registration only requires a simplified disclosure form. The issuer would be able to submit this form in lieu of going through the standard state disclosure or merit review requirements. Also, the SCOR system separates the US into five filing regions. Rather than filing a SCOR disclosure in each state where securities will be sold, the issuer can file in a region to cover all the states in that region.

Note: The issuer would have to file a disclosure in each region in which an issuance state is located.

Example: ABC Corp is undertaking a small offering issuance. It is seeking an exemption from federal registration under Rule 504. ABC will primarily offer securities for sale in Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. All of these states are part of the Mid-Atlantic SCOR regions. As such, ABC may file the SCOR disclosure documents with each state rather than going through the state-mandated disclosure and review processes.

Related Topics

• Securities Law (Intro)
• What are Securities Laws?
• What is a Security?
• What qualifies as an Investment contract?
• What are the primary federal securities laws?
• What are the regulatory goals of security laws?
• What is the Securities and Exchange Commission?
• What is an Initial Public Offering?
• What is a Direct Public Offering?
• What is Crowdfunding?
• Securities Act of 1933
• What is an Offer to Sell securities?
• Who are the parties regulated in an offer to sell securities?
• What are the primary disclosure documents required in an offer to sell securities?
• Forward Looking
• Red Herring Prospectus (Securities) Definition
• Registration of Securities
• What is an issuer allowed to do at each stage of the registration process?
• How are issuers classified for purposes of the registration and offering process?
• What is an issuer allowed to do during the Pre-filing Period?
• What are the limitations on the issuer during the Post-filing, Waiting Period?
• What is an issuer allowed to do during the Post-Effective Period?
• What is an Emerging-Growth Company?
• What type of information must an issuer disclose?
• What laws govern the mechanics of disclosure in a securities offering?
• Deficiency Letter (Securities Law)
• Registration Exemptions Securities Act of 1933
• What are Exempt Securities and Exempt Transactions?
• What are Restricted Securities?
• Section 3(a)?
• Section 3(b)?
• What is a Rule 147 Exemption?
• What is a Section 4(a) Exemption?
• Section 4(a)(5)?
• What is a Regulation A Exemption?
• What are Regulation D Exemptions?
• What is a Rule 504 Exemption?
• What is a Rule 505 Exemption?
• What is a Rule 506(b) Exemption?
• What is a Rule 506(c) Exemption?
• What is Rule 502(d) and the Rule 144 Safe Harbor?
• Rule 144a
• What are the disclosure requirements for companies employing an exemption?
• What is the requirement to file Form D?
• What is the effect of failing to register an offering under Section 5?
• Liability Under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1933
• What is civil liability under Section 11 of the 33 Act?
• What is civil liability under Section 12 of the 33 Act?
• What are defenses available to charges under Sections 11 and 12?
• What is civil liability under Section 17 of the 33 Act?
• What is potential criminal liability under the 33 Act?
• The Security Exchange Act of 1934
• When must an issuer register pursuant to the 34 Act?
• What disclosures are required of reporting companies under the 34 Act?
• What is liability under Section 10(b) and Rule 10(b)(5)?
• What is insider trading under Rule 10(b)(5)?
• What damages are available under Section 10 and Rule 10(b)(5)?
• What is insider trading under Section 14 of the 34 Act?
• What is liability under Section 16 of the 34 Act?
• What is liability under Section 18 of the 34 Act?
• What is criminal liability under the 34 Act?
• Liability under the Securities Enforcement Remedies Act?
• Blue Sky Laws State Securities Laws
• What are Blue Sky Laws?
• When is an issuer required to comply with state securities laws?
• What are the registration requirements under state law?
• What is Coordinated Registration under state law?