Judicial Review of Mandatory Arbitration
Written by Jason Gordon
Updated at June 28th, 2021
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Table of Contents
Can a Court Review a Mandatory Arbitration?Is Mandatory Arbitration Constitutional?Discussion QuestionPractice QuestionAcademic ResearchCan a Court Review a Mandatory Arbitration?
Generally, Yes. For mandatory arbitration to be constitutional, the parties to the arbitration must be able to challenge the results of the arbitration in an Article III court.
This is discussed in greater detail below.
Next Article: Review Under the Federal Arbitration Act Back to: ALTNERANTIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Is Mandatory Arbitration Constitutional?
Mandatory arbitration effectively cuts off the parties' access to a trial court.
Many courts have held that mandatory arbitration statutes that close the courts to litigants are void as against public policy and are unconstitutional.
The arguments against enforcing mandatory arbitration statutes include:
- they deprive one of property and liberty of contract without due process of law;
- they violate the litigants 7th Amendment right to a jury trial and or states constitutional access to courts; and
- they result in the unconstitutional delegation of legislative or judicial power in violation of state constitutional separation of powers provisions.
Mandatory arbitration is generally deemed constitutional if fair procedures are provided by the legislature and ultimate judicial review is available.
As such, statutorily mandated arbitration requires a higher level of access to judicial review of the awards by the court.
If a party can reject the arbitrators' award and seek de novo judicial review, mandatory arbitration is generally considered constitutional.
The right to reject the award and to proceed to trial is the sole remedy of the parties.
If a party rejects an arbitrators award and challenges the case at trial, the court may impose sanctions on the party who fails to improve its position.
Also, failing to attend the arbitration could forfeit the right of a party to reject the award and proceed to trial.
Discussion Question
What is your opinion with regard to the above-mentioned arguments against mandatory arbitration? Do you think that allowing a party to refuse an arbitrators award makes mandatory arbitration constitutional? Why or why not?
Practice Question
Brad and Angela have a dispute that is subject to a state law requiring mandatory arbitration. At the end of the arbitration, Angela is not happy with the award handed down by the arbitrators. What are her options for challenging the arbitration?
- Generally, mandatory arbitrations are subject to the Constitutional right to a trial by jury. Under most state laws, Angela would be able to refuse or reject the arbitration award. There are procedural downsides to this right. Generally, if Angela does not prevail or improve her position at trial, she must pay the litigation fees and potentially attorneys fees of the other party. Also, state law generally allows into trial the evidence introduced during the arbitration proceeding.
Academic Research
- Sternlight, Jean R., Mandatory Arbitration Stymies Progress Towards Justice in Employment Law: Where To, #MeToo? (2019). Harvard Civil Rights- Civil Liberties Law Review (CR-CL), Vol. 54, 2019, Forthcoming; UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3290361
- Estlund, Cynthia L., The Black Hole of Mandatory Arbitration (January 28, 2018). North Carolina Law Review, 96 North Carolina Law Review 679 (2018); NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-07. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3111826
- Shapira, Roy, Mandatory Arbitration and the Market for Reputation (April 23, 2019). Boston University Law Review, Vol. 99 (Forthcoming). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3376781 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3376781
- Stanford, Matthew and Carrillo, David, Judicial Resistance to Mandatory Arbitration as Federal Commandeering (November 16, 2017). Florida Law Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3072518 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3072518
- Burch, Thomas V., Regulating Mandatory Arbitration (March 23, 2011). Utah Law Review, 2011; FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 493. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1793303
- Schwartz, David S., Mandatory Arbitration and Fairness (June 1, 2009). Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 3, 2009; Univ. of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1080. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1401469
- Nehf, James P., The Impact of Mandatory Arbitration on the Common Law Regulation of Standard Terms in Consumer Contracts (February 25, 2017). 85 Geo. Wash. Law Review (2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2923746 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2923746
- Ware, Stephen J., Contractual Arbitration, Mandatory Arbitration and State Constitutional Jury-Trial Rights. University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 38, No. 39, Fall 2003. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=992804
- Pratt, David A., Focus on . . . Mandatory Arbitration of ERISA Disputes (August 15, 2017). Vol. 24 (no. 3) Journal of Pension Benefits 14 (Spring 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3019410