Academic Research on Copenhagen Criteria

• Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?, Manners, I. (2002). JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258. This paper discusses the modern perception of Europe as a Normative Power. Manners (2002) explores how Hedley Bull, the writer of the Journal of Common Market Studies, critiqued the European Community as a user of civilian power when it comes to international affairs. The author then asserts that, unlike the traditional belief, the EU has adopted a normative power which he uses to examine the case study of its international pursuit in regard to death penalty abolition.
• How closely does the European Union's membership conditionality reflect the Copenhagen criteria? Insights from Turkey, Saatiolu, B. (2009). Turkish Studies, 10(4), 559-576. Using data of Turkey political atmosphere, this article analyses how close the membership conditionality of European Union reflects the Copenhagen criteria. According to the author, this study focuses on the domestic impacts of conditionality than on the conditionality itself. The author also claims that researchers and experts rarely investigate whether the EU consistently seeks the Copenhagen criteria before offering any membership. Thus, this study analyzes the concept of conditionality in regard to Turkey, arguing that true conditionality should exclusively link the demands of the EU with formal membership criteria to offer reward in the accession process. The study concludes that the anticipated cost of absorbing Turkey by the EU resulted in the unwillingness of Turkey to deploy proper formal conditionality.
• Europeanization in Turkey: trigger or anchor for reform?, Tocci, N. (2005). South European Society and Politics, 10(1), 73-83. This article analyses whether Turkey Europeanization was an anchor or trigger for a reform. According to Tocci (2005), Turkish governments have been able to pursue unprecedented domestic political reform process since 2001. Considering the relationship between political reforms and relations with the EU, the change process was associated Europeanization. As such, this article links the reform process of Turkey and its succession process towards EU. Some of the questions that the author raises include: Did the process of accession trigger the reforms as a key driving force towards change? OR has domestic change been spearheaded by domestic actors who have been strengthened by the external EU anchor? The author assumes that the accession process has largely been driven by endogenous factors that are intricately linked to Turkeys accession launching process.
• The importance of values in predicting Turkish youth's opinions about the European Union in light of the Copenhagen Political Criteria, Kudil, M. E., & imek, S. (2008). International Journal of Psychology, 43(6), 988-996. This journal discusses the significance of values in predicting the opinion of Turkish youths regarding the EU in regard to Copenhagen criteria. The author refers to the rising unity of state in the human history as European identity. The author further discusses the effects of Copenhagen criteria on Turkey; based on the analysis, Turkey has been asked to meet the expectations of the Copenhagen criteria which involve reforming larger part of infrastructure and superstructure of the country. The authors have also used Schwartzs model of value to test the Turkish peoples opinion on the significance of Copenhagen Criteria. Five factors were yielded from the analysis of response provided by 368 Turkish university students. These include reduction of military influence in civil life, European Union and the existing skepticism towards Europe, human rights and liberties improvement, minority rights improvement, and lack of transparency in public institutions.
• The power of the Copenhagen criteria, Marktler, T. (2006). Croatian yearbook of European law & policy, 2(2.), 343-363. This article describes the role of Copenhagen criteria. Marktler (2006) examines different aspect of Copenhagen criteria which are far from self-explanatory. Several historical facts have been used to analyze the criteria including the decisive role in the process of integration. Most part of the literature provides an overview of the relations existing between Croatia and the European Union.
• The use of cultural autonomy to prevent conflict and meet the Copenhagen criteria: the case of Romania, Christopher Decker, D. (2007). Ethnopolitics, 6(3), 437-450. This paper discusses the recent draft law of the national minoritys status of Romania. In particular, the paper attempts to adopt a form of cultural autonomy using the Estonian model. The author discusses the history of the Romanian national minority as well as the rise of the Hungarian Democratic Union and the response of nationalists by successive governments. The article also examines the cultural autonomy section of the draft law and its similarities to the Estonian model. Thus, the author concludes that the draft law can support the Romania meeting the Copenhagen criteria and prevent potential conflict in the country.
• The Copenhagen Criteria: Are They Helping or Hurting the European Union?, Rezler, P. (2011). Touro International Law Review, 14(2), 390-411. This article investigates whether Copenhagen criteria is helping or hurting the European Union. It first discusses the membership of the European Union, highlighting the population, cultural, economic, and religious background of the region. It then discusses how the criteria of Copenhagen were formed including the three criteria that have been used by the EU in accessing several states. The author then uses Poland as an example to explore the efficacy of Copenhagen criteria including the Succession Treaty of the region. Key reasons why the criteria are believed to be ineffective have also been discussed as well as highlights of potential candidates and recommendations to make Copenhagen Criteria effective.
• The Copenhagen Accord for limiting global warming: Criteria, constraints, and available avenues, Ramanathan, V., & Xu, Y. (2010). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201002293. This paper discusses the constraints and available avenues of Copenhagen criteria in accordance with the limiting global warming. The author reveals that both developed and developing nations have agreed that global overall temperature increases should be reduced to 2C because of the stipulated guidelines in the Copenhagen Accord. A critical criterion the author considers is that the radiant energy added by anthropogenic activities should range between 1.7-4 watts per square meter.
• Trade integration and the EU economic membership criteria, Nilsson, L. (2000). European Journal of Political Economy, 16(4), 807-827. This article discusses whether the EUs economic membership for Cyprus and the Central and Eastern YO fulfilled. The author examines the potential and actual levels existing trade between the EU and the countries and the cabinet countries. The findings indicate that the Candidate countries would not face difficulties
• Relevance of Copenhagen Criteria in Actual Accession: Principles, Methods and Shortcomings of EU Pre-accession Evaluation, Veebel, V. (2011). Studies of Transition States and Societies, 3(3). This article discusses the relevance of Copenhagen criteria in a real accession process. The author provides information the methods, principles and challenges of EU pre-accession evaluation. The authors objective was to test and analyze whether the EU adheres to the objective and class criteria as highlighted in is progress report. To address the research question, the paper explores the logic, methods, and motivations of the European Commission, and gains curiosity over the 2 test areas including governance, level of corruption, efficiency of liberties and anticorruption, and economic and freedoms.
• EU conditionality and minority rights: translating the Copenhagen criterion into policy, Sasse, G. (2005). This article describes the role of Copenhagen criteria on European Unions external relations with other countries and how the minorities and human part has pushed for the EUs internal objectives, values and policies. The article analyzes the conditionality of EU and how the region translated the criteria into an institutional process. Secondly, the author locates the minority criterion of the EU in the political context of 3 countries: Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania with the aim of establishing the balance between internal and external policy change incentives and EU conditionality effectiveness. The study concludes that international actors of Copenhagen criteria affected the nature and timing of specific pieces of the legislation.