What is the Pigou Effect?

Pigou effect is an economic term referring to the relationship between employment, wealth, consumption, and output during the deflation period. According to the Pigou effect, when there is price deflation, the output (employment) increases due to a rise in wealth. That is, if wealth, is defined as the money supply divided by the levels of the current price. Alternatively, price inflation, output, and employment will go down as a result of a decrease in consumption.

How does the Pigou Effect Work?

The term Pigou effect was given by Don Patinkin in the year 1948, naming it after an anti-Keynesian economist, Arthur Cecil Pigou. Another term for the Pigou effect is the real balance effect. Pigou argued against Keyness theory stating that it was not enough when it comes to specifying a link from real balances to the existing consumption. His argument was that wealth effect was capable of making the economy more self-correcting to decrease in aggregate demand than what was predicted by Keynes.

Pigou's Hypothesis and Liquidity Trap

An economy that is in the form of a liquid trap cannot make use of the monetary stimulus to increase output. The reason is that there is little link between money demand and personal income. According to John Hicks thinking, this could be another reason for the persistently high rate of unemployment. Nonetheless, the Pigou Effect has been able to create a mechanism for evading the trap. As unemployment goes up, the price level drops hence increasing real balance causing the consumption to rise. At full employment, the economy will move to a new environment. A conclusion by Pigou was that if wages and prices become sticky, then there will be equilibrium with the employment rate falling below the full employment rate, also known as the classical natural rate. 

Pigou Effect Criticism 

Michal Lalaecki criticized Pigou's effects. He argued that the required adjustment would result in an increase in the debts real value and also lead to a confidence crisis and wholesale bankruptcy.

Related Topics

• Inflation
• Core Inflation
• Cost Push Inflation
• Demand Pull Inflation
• Wage Push Inflation
• Inflation Spiral (Wage-Price Spiral)
• Agflation
• Basket of Goods and Services
• Indexing and Index Number
• Base Year
• Consumer Price Index
• Substitution Bias
• Quality / New Goods Bias
• Core Inflation Index
• Producer Price Index
• International Price Index
• Employment Cost Index
• Buying Power Index
• Breakfast Index
• Employment Cost Index
• Producer Price Index
• Capital Goods Price Index
• Farm (Agricultural) Price Index
• Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices
• Repeated Sales Method (Real Estate)
• GDP Deflator
• Deflation
• Pigou Effect
• Hyperinflation (Economics)
• Biflation
• Inflation and Redistribution of Purchasing Power
• Inflation Blurs Price Signals
• Inflation Affects Long-Term Planning
• What are the Benefits of Inflation?
• Indexing and Index Number
• Cost of Living Allowance
• Adjustable Rate Mortgage