Academic Research on Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP)

• Letters of Credit: A Comparison of Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Barski, K. A. (1995). Loy. L. Rev., 41, 735. This paper scrutinizes the phenomenal increase in the use of letters of credit for commercial transactions. In fact, the United States contributes approximately half of all standby letters of credit used annually worldwide. The author performs a comparative analysis of Article 5 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP). 
• Letters of Credit: UCC Article 5 and the Uniform Customs and Practice, Funk, C. W. (1965). Howard LJ, 11, 88. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Uniform Commercial Code to lawyers who are deemed to be unfamiliar with the concept. The author also elaborates the theory of the letter of credit, with a particular emphasis on the Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP). 
• Payment and transfer in documentary Letters of Credit: Interaction between the French general law of obligations and the Uniform Customs and Practice, Stoufflet, J. (1982). Ariz. L. Rev., 24, 267. This paper scrutinizes the characteristics of letters of credit in French law, especially beginning with its role as a payment system employed in international commercial transactions in the period following the end of World War II. The first primary characteristic that the author identifies pertains to the judicial process employed in enforcing the banks promise. A second characteristic can be identified in the source of the judicial statutes that regulate the letter of credit translation.
• Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 1971 Revision, Wheble, B. S. (1970). Cornell Int'l LJ, 4, 97. This paper describes the various amendments to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits that were brought into effect by its 1971 revision. The author contends that such amendments were made on the basis of several suggested alterations, taking into account the business usage and the prevailing practices of inland, railway and naval transporters and insurers.
• The 1983 Revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Byrne, J. E. (1985). Banking LJ, 102, 151. This paper scrutinizes the various alterations made in the 1983 revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) with reference to the adoption of certain advanced processes in lieu of the traditional paper format. These processes include electronic data transmission, advanced transportation systems and changes to the letter of credit itself. The author inspects the new responsibilities of banks outlined by the 1983 revision and provides a synopsis of the major advantages as well as disadvantages of this revision.
• Destructive Rules of Certainty and Efficiency: A Study in the Context of Summary Judgment Procedure and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Ronner, A. D. (1994). Loy. LAL Rev., 28, 619. This paper concentrates on two separate doctrines that are built into the Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP); they are 1) Strict compliance: This doctrine interdicts a bank from honoring a letter of credit even in the case of the slightest inconsistency that might exist between the documents and the letter. 2) Automated preclusion: The doctrine of automated preclusion is in essence a sanction provision. The UCP offers a bank a stipulated period of time to inspect documents and decide their future course of action. 
• The Uniform Customs and Practice as a Source of Documentary Credit Law in the United States, Canada and Great Britain: A Comparison of Application and , Wayne, M. A. (1989). Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L., 7, 147. Almost all trading nations use letters of credit in their domestic and international commercial transactions. This is because a letter of credit secures payment for a seller. Such security is absent in a traditional documentary sale. This paper scrutinizes Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) as a source of documentary credit law in the United States, Canada and Great Britain and performs comparisons of the various applications of the doctrine in the three nations. The author also elaborates how UCP is variously interpreted in the US, Canada and Great Britain. 
• Letters of Credit and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits: The Negotiating Bank and the Fraud Rule in Korea Supreme Court Case 96 DA , Chae, D. H. (1998). Fla. J. Int'l L., 12, 23. This paper provides an overview of the letter of credit and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) from the point of view of the judicial system of South Korea. The author performs a thorough analysis of Korea Supreme Court Case 96 DA 43713, starting with an overview of the circumstances that led to the litigation, followed by a scrutiny of the factual basis of the famous fraud. 
• Interpretation and Analysis on the New Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary CreditUCP600 [J], Ying, W. A. N. G. (2007). Journal of Guangdong University of Business Studies, 6, 016. This article compares UCP600 with UCP500 and highlights the noticeable enhancements brought about by the former with regard to framework, content and diction. The author highlights the simplified language used in UCP600, besides the omission of irrelevant or obsolete clauses, rectification of certain loopholes present in the previous version as well as the introduction of a few new concepts and regulations. The UCP600 doctrine is not perfect, but it has been able to fulfill its intended purpose, which is to not only sustain the market share of Credit, but also extend it in the settlement of international trade.
• Weakening the Letter of Credit Product: The New Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Dolan, J. F. (1994). Int'l Bus. LJ, 149. The author scrutinizes four provisions in the current version of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP). The paper concludes that this version of the UCP may contain unwarranted attempts to shield banks from certain anomalies in the letter of credit transactions that they are well equipped to confront.