Discussion Question

An ethnically based federal andbicameral system: the case of Cyprus, Kyriacou, A. P. (2000). An ethnically based federal and bicameral system: the case of Cyprus.International Review of Law and Economics,20(2), 251-268. Central to the constitutional provisions that make up the most recent framework agreement put forward by the United Nations for the resolution of the Cyprus problem is an ethnically based federal and bicameral system. This article examines the proposed systems ability to enhance the viability of any solution to the Cyprus problem (measured by its capacity to reduce the emergence of permanent tyrannical majorities or minorities) as well as its ability to promote legislative stability (measured by its capacity to mitigate the incidence of majority cycling). It is argued that a better institutional set-up would be a federation based on functional-overlapping-competing-jurisdictions coupled with a jurisdiction-dependent and constitutionally enshrined generalization rule. TheBicameral Systemin State Legislation, Barnett, J. D. (1915). The Bicameral System in State Legislation.American Political Science Review,9(3), 449-466. The submission of proposals for the abolition of the state senate to the people of Oregon at the two preceding general elections is occasion for a summary of considerations in reference to the bicameral system of legislation. The bicameral system has been so long and so widely prevalent that until very recently its necessity has been almost universally regarded as a demonstrated truth. The British legislature, the mother of parliaments, is a development from the assembly of estates. Five distinct estates were present in the Model Parliament of 1295, but through the consolidation of interests, the organization of two legislative chambers, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, was soon evolved. The origin of the bicameral system was thus not owing to any conviction that two houses would work better than either one or three, but was a matter of sheer accident, and was not the invention of any clever constitution-maker. The bicameral system of legislation, generally based upon English precedent, has usually followed the extension of constitutional government, and at present most national legislatures consist of two chambers. Bicameral or tricameral? National parliaments and representative democracy in the European Union, Cooper, I. (2013). Bicameral or tricameral? National parliaments and representative democracy in the European Union.Journal of European Integration,35(5), 531-546. The Treaty of Lisbon defines the European Parliament and the Council as the principal institutional actors of representative democracy in the EU, thus endorsing an essentially bicameral model of EU democracy. In this model, national parliaments focus their scrutiny on their governments conduct of EU affairs, but are not themselves EU-level actors. However, the Treaty of Lisbon also creates an Early Warning Mechanism which empowers national parliaments to intervene collectively in the EUs legislative process. This suggests a new, tricameral model in which national parliaments constitute the third chamber in a reconfigured representative system for the EU. This reconfiguration moves the EU away from traditional models of representative democracy and more towards a complex demoi-cracy,as it now has three bodies to represent the citizens, governments and peoples of Europe. A StructuralFunctional Framework for the Analysis of Unicameral and Bicameral Parliaments, Cotta, M. (1974). A StructuralFunctional Framework for the Analysis of Unicameral and Bicameral Parliaments.European Journal of Political Research,2(3), 201-224. What is the significance of a bicameral system in the organization of parliamentary structures? This is the basic question with which this essay is concerned. Its scope is limited, however, to proposing a theoretical framework for the comparative investigation of the phenomenon. The approach is structuralfunctional. In order to clarify the choice between the unicameral and the bicameral solution, a general survey is conducted of the many different structural dimensions of legislatures, and a structural typology of parliamentary assemblies, which provides finer distinctions between unicameral and bicameral parliaments, is outlined. The next step is the analysis of the functional aspects of the problem. The essay surveys the major parliamentary functions and then attempts to define a number of criteria for evaluating performances. The final step is the elaboration of a set of hypotheses concerning the structuralfunctional relationships that appear both plausible and theoretically interesting. Such relationships may be of a quantitative or qualitative nature. Moreover, they may be either particular or general in their scope, i.e. they may be focused on single functions or on the general features of the political system. Suggestions for abicameral system, Sutton, P. (1984, January). Suggestions for a bicameral system. InAnthropological Forum(Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 395-399). Taylor & Francis Group.Bicameral microstates: A Commonwealth category, Anckar, D. (1998). Bicameral microstates: A Commonwealth category.The Round Table,87(347), 367-378. More than half of the world's microstatesthose with a population of one million or lessare members of the Commonwealth. A high proportion of microstates which, despite their small size have bicameral legislatures, are in the Commonwealth. In larger states bicameral legislatures have two essential functions. They secure access of regional and similar interests to a parliamentary arena from which they might otherwise be excluded; and they allow for a moderating and revising role by an upper chamber. The paper examines the relevance of these functions to microstates with bicameral legislatures and compares them with unicameral microstates in the Commonwealth. The relevance of uni or bicameralism to microstates where the party of government dominates the lower houses is also examined.