When is Horizontal Price Fixing?

Under the Sherman Act 1, an agreement among competitors to establish a fixed price among all producers or sellers of goods or services is a horizontal restraint of trade. This type of naked restraint on trade is a purely anticompetitive and is per se illegal. Businesses may develop all sorts of arrangements to control the ultimate price of a good or service. It does not matter if the fixed prices are fair or reasonable. The anticompetitive aspects of agreeing on a price detriments consumers. This is true even when small competitors agree not to compete in an attempt to remain competitive in a market with larger competitors. (Note: The purpose of increasing the number of competitors in the market does not justify the restraint on trade and the detriment to consumers.) Further, an agreement among competitors to undertake efforts to stabilize a price that otherwise fluctuates is per se anticompetitive.

Note: Conscious Parallelism is the practice of competitors following pricing practices without an express agreement. If no collusion occurs, this practice is legal. Another exception to the prohibition against price fixing is when competitors enter into joint ventures for a specific purpose and establish a single price for similar goods. While these types of agreements could still be the subject of challenge, they may not be per se illegal.

Example: Robs Widgets, LLC and Hanks Widgets LLC both sell the same type of product. They are smaller suppliers in an otherwise large market. They both want to grow their market share, so they agree to charge the same price for their widgets in all circumstances. This is price fixing and is per se illegal.

Related Topics

• Antitrust Law (Intro)
• What is Antitrust Law?
• What are the Major Antitrust Laws?
• What government agency enforces antitrust law?
• What Sanctions are available under antitrust law?
• What is the Sherman Act of 1890 (Sherman Act)?
• What is a Contract, Combination, of Conspiracy in restraint of trade?
• What is Per Se Illegality and the Rule of Reason?
• What is a Monopoly?
• Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) Definition
• What businesses are exempt from the Sherman Act?
• Horizontal Restraint Sherman Act?
• Sharing Information?
• Refusal to Deal?
• Territorial Agreement?
• Price Fixing?
• Resale restraint?
• Exclusive dealing?
• Tying products?
• Territorial agreements?
• What is Monopolization under the Sherman Act?
• What is the Clayton Act of 1914 (Clayton Act)?
• What is price discrimination under the Clayton Act?
• What are special arrangements prohibited under the Clayton Act?
• When are tying contracts an illegal restraint under the Clayton Act?
• When are reciprocal dealing contracts an illegal restraint under the Clayton Act?
• How does the Clayton Act regulate mergers and acquisition?
• FTC Act Antitrust Law