Patent and Latent Ambiguities in a Contract - Explained
Inconsistencies that are Obvious and Non-Obvious
Written by J. Mance Gordon
Updated at April 19th, 2024
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What is a patent ambiguity and latent ambiguity?
One important exception to the parol evidence rule is the use of extrinsic evidence to determine the meaning the parties attribute to certain terms or provisions. Generally, a court will give a term its common meaning or the meaning common in the context of the contract (such as a particular trade usage). Nonetheless, often a term or provision of the contract will be ambiguous. In such a case, ambiguities are broken into latent and patent ambiguities.
Generally, outside evidence may be introduced to clear up an ambiguity that is obvious on the face of the document. This is known as a patent ambiguity. If a party claims that the contract contains an ambiguous term, but it is not obvious on the face of the contract, the party is claiming that a latent ambiguity exists. In such a case the party may be able to introduce outside evidence to show that an ambiguity exists.
If the court determines that an ambiguity exists, it may consider extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity. Many courts do not distinguish between patent and latent ambiguities. If an ambiguity exists, extrinsic evidence is allowed to the extent necessary to clear up the ambiguity. The parol evidence rules prohibition on the use of evidence to change or add to the contract remains intact.
- Example: You and I enter into a contract. When a dispute arises, we ask the court to resolve the dispute. When interpreting the terms of the contract the court will use established rules for interpreting the meaning of words and clauses. If the court determines that a word or clause is ambiguous when reading it (a patent ambiguity), it may allow outside information to explain the term. If the court does not read a term as ambiguous, it may allow me to introduce outside evidence to demonstrate that it is ambiguous. If I am successful in demonstrating an ambiguity, the court will then consider outside information to explain the ambiguous term.
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